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英文写作中如何避免抄袭

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                    英文写作中如何避免抄袭

 

    中国学人中流传着一句话——“天下文章一大抄,看你会抄不会抄”。

 

    的确,有人抄得巧妙,不露痕迹,抄成了名人教授;有的人抄得露骨,落下把柄,成为过街老鼠,众矢之的。轻者,例如学生,作业或考试被fail掉;重者,例如作家教授,被控告侵权而吃官司。

 

    其实,在英文世界,自十八世纪以来著作权保护延续至今。一方面作品享有知识产权法律保护,另一方面,在英文写作中,作者可以有很多种办法合理地避免抄袭行为。

 

    第一种办法,引用。

 

     1.  直接引用:打引号,并标明出处 —— Quotation and Direct Speech。

 例如,谈论好的生活习惯会影响一个人的健康,财富和知识的积累,我们引用富兰克林的一句话:

“Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”

  (Franklin: 1914)

这是富兰克林的原话,所以,要加上引号,同时要注明出处,说明这句话来

自于1814年出版的Poor Richard's Almanack一书

        一般认为,正规的学术论文,直接引用部分不能超过十分之一。

     2.  间接引用:不用打引号,但注明出处——Quotation and Indirect Speech。

       Franklin once said that early to bed, early to rise made a man healthy, wealthy and wise. (Franklin: 1886). I have kept his doctrine in mind and checked consistently whether I have followed his teachings or not.

 

    第二种办法,用自己的语言复述——Paraphrasing。我们看一看下面的例子:

 

  Original paragraph:

  Usually, female kangaroos give birth to one joey at a time. Newborns weigh as little as 0.03 ounces at birth. After birth, the joey crawls into its mother’s pouch, where it will nurse and continue to grow and develop. Red kangaroo joeys do not leave the pouch for good until they are more than eight months old.

       Retrieved from http://www.kidsplanet.org/planetsheets/kangaroo.html.

  Paraphrasing:

  After a female kangaroo gives birth to a joey, the newborn crawls into its mother’s pouch where it feeds and grows until it is eight months old.

 Retrieved from google: an example of paraphrasing

 

    第三种办法,改写。

 

    我们可以将小乐的连载小说《孤独如风》改编成电视剧,也可以就莫笑的诗《错过》改写成一篇短篇小说。许多世界名著享受过“改编”的待遇。例如,中国的四大名著《红楼梦》,《三国演义》,《西游记》和《水浒传》都曾被改编成电影或电视连续剧。改编不属于抄袭和剽窃侵权行为,有时改编的作品甚至比原著更出名,更有影响力,例如,美国电影《飘》(原著是一部长篇小说,书名是Gone with the Wind),英国电影《魂断蓝桥》(原作是舞台剧)。至于改编作品所引起的版权归属问题,那是法律专业人士需要考虑的问题,不在本文的讨论范围之内。改编的作品是否忠实于原著,那是文学评论家所要关心的事情,这里也不做讨论。

 

    总结起来,在写英文论文的时候,我们可以采用这几种办法避免抄袭行为:引用,用自己的语言转述和改写三种方式。

 

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